DEVELOPMENT OF THE NURSING PROCESS

Since its inception, the nursing process has been developed and honed by different authors. Additional detail has been added for each stage of the process, and new or adapted stages have also been suggested. The most recent 'repackaging' of the nursing process comes in the form of the ASPIRE approach to planning and delivering care. This approach — developed within Hull University (UK) as a teaching and learning tool — takes the 5-stage approach outlined above and enhances it. 'Diagnosis' is retitled 'Systematic Nursing Diagnosis' to reflect the process of diagnosis in addition to the final product. An additional stage — 'Recheck' — is placed between Implementation and Evaluation, and reflects the information-gathering activities carried out by nurses, necessary to make an informed judgment about the effectiveness of patient care.

Care plans are formed using the nursing process. First, the nurse collects subjective data and objective data, then organizes the data into a systematic pattern, such as Marjory Gordon's Gordon's functional health patterns. This step helps identify the areas in which the client needs nursing care. Based on this, the nurse makes a nursing diagnosis. As mentioned above, the full nursing diagnosis also includes the relating factors and the evidence that supports the diagnosis. For example, a nurse may give the following diagnosis to a patient with pneumonia that has difficulty breathing: Ineffective Airway Clearance related to tracheobronchial infection (pneumonia) and excess thick secretions as evidenced by abnormal breath sounds; crackles, wheezes; change in rate and depth of respiration; and effective cough with sputum.

After determining the nursing diagnosis, the nurse must state the expected outcomes, or goals. A common method of formulating the expected outcomes is to reverse the nursing diagnosis, stating what evidence should be present in the absence of the problem. The expected outcomes must also contain a goal date. Following the example above, the expected outcome would be: Effective airway clearance as evidenced by normal breath sounds; no crackles or wheezes; respiration rate 14-18/min; and no cough by 01/01/01.

After the goal is set, the nursing interventions must be established. This is the plan of nursing care to be followed to assist the client in recovery. The interventions must be specific, noting how often it is to be performed, so that any nurse or appropriate faculty can read and understand the care plan easily and follow the directions exactly. An example for the patient above would be: Instruct and assist client to TCDB (turn, cough, deep breathe) to assist in loosening and expectoration of mucous every 2 hours.

The evaluation is made on the goal date set. It is stated whether or not the client has met the goal, the evidence of whether or not the goal was met, and if the care plan is to be continued, discontinued or modified. If the care plan is problem-based and the client has recovered, the plan would be discontinued. If the client has not recovered, or if the care plan was written for a chronic illness or ongoing problem, it may be continued. If certain interventions are not helping or other interventions are to be added, the care plan is modified and continued.

Since its inception, the nursing process has been developed and honed by different authors. Additional detail has been added for each stage of the process, and new or adapted stages have also been suggested. The most recent 'repackaging' of the nursing process comes in the form of the ASPIRE approach to planning and delivering care. This approach - developed within Hull University (UK) as a teaching and learning tool - takes the 5-stage approach outlined above and enhances it. 'Diagnosis' is retitled 'Systematic Nursing Diagnosis' to reflect the process of diagnosis in addition to the final product. An additional stage - 'Recheck' - is placed between Implementation and Evaluation, and reflects the information-gathering activities carried out by nurses, necessary to make an informed judgment about the effectiveness of patient care.